Words of architecture in ancient Egypt
abacus
nut or stone tablet in ¬ terposto between the capital of a column and the lintel. Located on the top of the column, he claimed ele ¬ ments of the ceiling.
annals
The Egyptians had no history, but records which transcribes ¬
compartment on the stone, on papyrus, on the walls of temples and tombs to those of the main events of the reign of a Raone ¬ ago. For example, ¬ anna them engraved on the walls of the temple of Karnak are real ¬ tion to the story about the seventeen military campaigns conducted by Thutmose III and Sethi I, respectively, of Raoni ¬ ago XVIII and XIX dynasty.
relief sculptures made up a fund from which the figures
off with a slight dirty ¬ quirements. Sometimes these figures were affixed ¬ you think, other times you were ¬ carved into the stone itself.
benben
Stone erected for worship only ¬ king later received the no ¬ pyramidion of me and was placed on top of the pyramids.
capital
Part ornamental ¬ na chorus the upper end of a barrel column. There are three main types of Egyptian capitals ¬ zi: the capitals square flared and entasis.
The capital consists of a square cube of stone instead of directly ¬ on the frame of co ¬ lumn. The capital flare can be carved or oblique quamente ¬ ¬ rounded up down in order to be in the form of a vase or a bell rove ¬ skiing. As for the leaders to entasis ¬ brother, differs from the previous ¬ swelling to the middle.
The decor of these stone or ¬ tion is inspired by the vegetation Egyptian hieroglyphs or the intangible ¬ gini gods.
cenotaph
kenotaphion from the greek, which means empty tomb. Tom ba ¬ fictitious raised or hollowed out near a place of worship to honor a divi ¬ munity and put themselves under his protection.
kiosk
small open temple that was used for the rest of the statue of the god during the processions.
columns
The column is derived from the primitive Egyptian wooden pole that was used to support the roof ¬ huts or tents. ¬ b be a significant evolution between the Old Kingdom and the Age of tar ¬, giving rise to real pro pri ¬ architectural masterpieces. The Egyptian columns are of two types: simple drums, lacking any kind of ornament, and columns that reproduce a floral design. They were always pre ¬ placed on a stone plinth to avoid sinking into the ground. The main types were: - the Bell column, with capital that is an open papyrus - the polygonal column, the stem is carved into eight faces;
- the composite column: I will not represent all the vege ¬ ¬ ¬ was such that the overloaded am (late in the Age column) - column Hathor, the stem recalls sistrum, instru ¬ ment beloved of the goddess Hathor. The four faces of some columns, like a ca ¬ Pitellia ¬ but a mask is carved the face of the goddess - the column lotiforme with tall sorted repre ¬ feel, as its name indicates, four or six drums of the lotus ¬ Annexes together;
- palmiforme the column, with cylindrical stem the capital which ends with the stylization of palms face up - the column papyrus, papyrus-shaped closed. It was the most common column E ¬ former Gitto;
- The column to "tent pegs"
- protodorica the column, a fluted column ov ¬ true to sixteen sides.
frame
The frame is an ar ¬ chitettonico above the top of a monument or a door. The frames are often discon ¬ pite of the barrels.
cryo
Sphinx sphinx-headed battering ram.
crypt The crypt appeared in the temples of late. The Egyptians will keep the objects of worship and the statues of the gods.
ambulatory
Corridor to open sky that appeared in Egito ¬ to in the third century BC It is re ¬ ¬ no Masto an example inside the temple of Edfu.
gargoyle gargoyles ¬ Just as the Gothic cathedrals, the doc ¬ Cioni Egyptians, with lion heads, serve to re ¬ ¬ na rain water runoff. Will also play a role in protection against evil spirits.
Dromos
name given by Greeks to the avenue leading to the temple, which was usually flanked by sphinxes ¬ refugees. Most cone ¬ nised is that connected the temples of Luxor and Karnak.
foundation before building a temple, the architects established the stance of the future buildings or ¬ ¬ what with the help of priests. A map drawn on the ground with ropes and digging the foundations of dropping offers, the remains of ancient temples and is your ¬ ¬ king of gods to protect the new sanctuary.
fortresses
The Egyptians were great co ¬ constructors, and to defend the country from invasion, ¬ compartment rises along the borders au ¬ thentic considered impregnable bastions. These walls, often of mud bricks, which typically measured more than 6 m in height, allowed the soldiers to make no ¬ ¬ ri gi patrol. Some fortresses, like that of Abydos, posse ¬ devano a double wall: the outer one was more peak ¬ and less often. From the New Kingdom, the strategic military Egyptian ghee teach ¬ ¬ ¬ rirono towers and crenellated towers you seen in the Syrian defenses. The doors, sometimes double, were protected by ramparts. Most of these fortresses was around the first cataract and Asia along the border, beyond the delta. ¬ tier or defending the border were used as outposts.
title
edi ¬ Main facade of a building.
frame (column)
The stem is the portion of the column between the base and ca ¬ Pitelli and resembles a tree trunk. The Egyptian had a slightly "re ¬ bloated" because it follows a curve concoidale, charac ¬ terized by the point with greater dia ¬ meters to place third of the height from the bottom up, for reasons of sta ¬ bility and robustness .
landing Structure
¬ stone placed at the entrance of the temple which overlooked the Nile, the Imbar ¬ tions landed there during the big parties.
intercolumniation
space between the columns, you Sovena ¬ connected by a wall, so that wall intercolumniation.
underground tomb dug in the ground or rock, as in the Theban necropolis it ¬.
hypostyle
room with a ceiling supported by columns. The main temples were equipped with poles ¬ hypostyle three rooms: one for the adoration of the divinity ¬ I, another for bids and the third was a lounge.
funerary inscriptions in the tombs were used to re ¬ lead the name of the deceased and to honor his memory. This name was often ac ¬ companied by formulas, but for cal ¬ ¬ Protect yourself in the afterlife.
maze
name given to the temple of Amenemhat III, Pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty, in which, as the Greeks, it was very easy to get lost because it was composed of almost tremble ¬ rooms.
sacred lake
All Egyptian temples ¬ compartment possesses a sacred lake, a symbol of water, land or cele ¬ sti, the vast ocean from which the world was created. ¬ tion of rectangular shape, this stretch of ac ¬ here, in which priests are pure ¬ ficavano dawn, ¬ bile was accessible via stairs.
mastaba
term which in Arabic means ca ¬ "Seat" is the name given in the current era to the tombs of the Old Kingdom by virtue of their structure and golare ¬ rectangular vertical walls (brick) and slanted (in feet between ¬ ). The mastaba was char ¬ acterised by wells that lead to double funeral cevano ¬ ¬ ria. Disappeared during the Re ¬ New GNO, leaving little hypogeum ¬ am.
Migdol
Hebrew term meaning ¬ hollow tower. The Migdol was a monument that decorated the entrance to the temple of Habu Medi ¬ net and was dedicated to Ramses III, Pharaoh of Dynasty XX.
monoliths
large architectural elements, consisting of a single block of stone.
mammisi
Temple, built next to an important temple, where they celebrated the mysteries of divine birth. In this "Luo ¬ g of birth", many religious ceremonies were celebrated in whose presence Isis and Hathor. The mammisi that have survived best are File and Dendera.
The naos naos, located in the most hidden part of the temple was a shrine where the statue was kept in the divi ¬ munity. Initially, wood, stone became the naos from the Middle Kingdom. The most ornate date back ¬ Gono Ptolemaic era.
necrolpoli
The term cemetery (from gre ¬ co Nekros, dead, more polis, city) is the cemetery, to the open ¬ cies or underground, ¬ Tuat in the vicinity of a city, which housed more or less monumental tombs. In Egypt, the best known are the necropolis of Memphis, the Pyramids and the Valley of the Kings near Thebes. In the Neolithic, the people of Egypt, buried defun ¬ ¬ you located in the necropolis outside the villages, and generally to the west, up hills on the border ¬ tion with the desert, so as not to be inundated by the flood of the Nile. ¬ paradoxically mind, there was fervent life co ¬ me in real beehives, in which mingled opera ¬ rai, priests, artisans, pa ¬ ¬ ent come to bring you offer, police officers responsible for monitoring and tomb robbers!
Stone monument obelisk tall and narrow, to re ¬ quadrangular base and tapered upward, usually monolithic. The obelisks, which were always in pairs at the entrance to temples, ¬ exceeded this time, 30 m in height. Compartment weighs hundreds of tonnes and the most impressive could reach 1000 tons ¬ late. Their stem quadrango ¬ tion, tapering towards the top (dhet), was surmounted ¬ mented by a pyramid-shaped tip (pyramidion), often covered by a cap ¬ know of electro or gilt bronze. The oldest example is to go against ¬ Heliopolis and gives the name of Sesostris I. There are obelisks with a rectangular base and cusp rounded funerary function.
obsidian
Also known as volcanic glass nico ¬ "because of its origin, the os ¬ sidiana is a natural silicate of aluminum, which is sot; substance to form glassy conchoidal brittle fracture, which often has the appearance of ve ¬ against black translucent or opaque. This stone was to mol ¬ appreciated by Egyptians, who were arriving from Nubia to extract shrapnel from the sharp edges used as weapons and tools.
ostrakon
greek name (plural ostraca) used in archeology to indicate shells or fragments of pottery ¬ ments, bearing texts or drawings. Since the Old Kingdom, the Egyptians use this support in place of the papyrus, too expensive, to do the accounts, write letters or minute. Some artists also used it to give them ¬ shaft vent to their creative imagination, unconventional academic. These ostraca are true mines for Egyptologists, who can discover details of daily life in Egypt. Among the Greeks, the ostraca were used to write the names of those who were to be banished from the city. Ostrakon is therefore derived from the term ostracism.
peristyle
Gallery in isolated columns surrounding a building or a courtyard.
pillar The pillar is a mas ¬ sive block, square, which has the function of supporting beams, lintels or arches. It can be simple or "Osiris" or with a sculpture of figures huddled osiriane. A differ ¬ ence of the column, is devoid of ornament and has no specific architectural proportions of the latter. The oldest date back to the pillars Thinite. From the Old Kingdom, the column became independent and was used mainly to support the tet ¬ you. In some tombs, were observed square pillars, carved directly ¬ mended on the spot in the rock.
pylon
building consists of two massive re tor ¬ ¬ no flanking the monumental gate of a temple. A rectangular ¬ golare plant, these two "guard ¬ ni", preceded by two obeli ¬ risks and colossal statues were decorated with pennants in ¬ tered in cracks, and crowned with flags (Repre ¬ ¬ tooth Tavano the grapheme corresponding to "god", he amplified in proportion ¬). Often ab ¬ bastanza high, symbolizing the compartment ¬ ¬ here on the mountain makes its appearance in the sun. The two towers were hollow inside ¬ mind and equipped with a ladder leading to the terraces. The walls of the piers were decorated with bas-reliefs depicting scenes of war (the pharaoh traditionally ¬ put under the act of keeping the enemy by the hair). The best known are the pillars of Karnak, Luxor, Edfu and File.
pyramid The pyramids are traditionally ¬ ¬ you mind destination to the burial monuments of the pharaohs. Call mer ancient Egyptian, these structures, which have four triangular faces in common with the summit, rising into the sky as a sort of tender of ¬. The main Egyptian pyramids are the result of an architectural evolution that, over time, came close to perfection.
Gallery covered porch, with the vault supported by columns. Egyptian architecture, the co ¬ lumn is conceived as a whole. The columns can be aunts Egyptian ¬: ¬ geometric trizzanti (prismatic, Hathor ¬ ca) and dendromorfe (palmifor ¬ mi, lotiformi and composite).
porch
the Egyptians, the porch was part of the temple, the naos antecedent ¬ tooth.
ramp
structure of stone or mat ¬ tones that served access to a temple. To build the pyramids, the Egyptians had used on the ramps which were dragged the enormous blocks of stone ¬ I
records
sector of a bas-relief of a stele, a painting of a vase or divided into several dri ¬ dialog al. Each register was a particular incident or pattern of the subject rap ¬ presented.
relief
From pre-dynastic era, the Egyptians used the tech ¬ Nica pad. He could treat ¬ tarsi of relief in the figures recorded here ¬ ¬ no emerged from the plane, or survey cables, where the figures were carved into the material. These findings, which appear on the tomb walls, pylons, stem or furniture, were then painted.
sarcophagus coffin rectangular or human shape, made of different materials, depending on the importance and rec ¬ wealth of the deceased. Sometimes it was a simple coffin of the ¬ GNO, but could also be made of alabaster, limestone, granite, precious wood and gold even if it was intended to Pharaoh. The sarcophagi of the Old Kingdom did not wear any form. Only in the Middle Kingdom is they began to see the first no ¬ ¬ we hieroglyphs engraved on the stone. King appeared in the New GNO ¬ ¬ sar cofagi rose quartz adorned with painted motifs.
serdab
Arabic word meaning "corridor" or "sub ¬ ranean tunnel." This name he attributed Fri ¬
the small room built on the south side of the mastaba to re ¬ ceive a rope ¬ or more statues States. The serdab was accessible only through narrow fessu ¬ king into the wall.
sphinx
This Greek word, which in ancient Egyptian sounded shes ptankh, "living statue" in a statue repre ¬ ¬ says many in most cases, a lion crouches ¬ to the head of man (an ¬ drosfinge) , never a woman. Sometimes he had a ram's head (criosfinge) or hawk. The sphinxes were made of stone, granite or basal ¬ to. The biggest of all is no doubt that ¬ which rises in the plains of Giza. Located near the pyramid of Cheops, is 20 m high and about 57 m in length.
statue-cube representation of a per ¬ sonalities seated, contained in a cube, which can only leave the head, hands and feet talvol ¬ ta. They were so rati ¬ depicting priests and dignitaries (almost always men, women rarely ¬ mind, never the Pharaoh). Were placed in sanctuaries to allow the represented person to participate in the daily worship of the god.
gravestone stele ret ¬ ¬ tangolare size variables that needed to be comme ¬ morare a character with images and text. Border or the border of the re ¬ prefectures (provinces) were placed other stele, on which veni ¬ compartment served by the king the new limits of the kingdom.
temple
In pre-dynastic era, the tem ¬ ple was composed of a re ¬ fence, inside which a hut containing the im ¬ image of God. The egittolo ¬ already believe that during the Old Kingdom this model ¬, but for which no trace remains, was built in masonry. Only in the New Kingdom began to es ¬ night made the Egyptian temples as we see them today, with the complexity of their architecture and the variety of ornaments. In addition to the temples for the worship of stars ¬ munity also funerary temples were built.
tomb
The core of the ba ¬ tom consisted of a room and offers a crypt where the dead rested. In the tombs of King ¬ GNO Ancient tomb was with ¬ leased to the bottom of a well. From the Middle Kingdom, and especially under the New Kingdom, the crypt was often placed in a room away from the entrance of burial.
all-round
sculpture or statue that can es ¬ night view from all sides, instead of m, be held to a pa ¬ net as the half-round or flat as a relief.
ushabti
In ancient Egyptian, ¬ ushabti it means "one who answers". The statuettes were ushabti de ¬ action designed to play in place of the late work that had to be imposed pote ¬ afterlife. Thus, they were accompanying the deceased Gnare ¬ ¬ no stars in the field of Earu to sow and grasp its recom ¬ place the fruits of work necessary for its eternal survival. While ushabti Egyptians were poor in clay, could be those of the rich pie ¬ between, bronze, wood or glazed ceramic, blue or green.
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